Fault Diagnosis with Static and Dynamic Observers

We study sensor minimization problems in the context of fault diagnosis. Fault diagnosis consists in synthesizing a diagnoser that observes a given plant and identifies faults in the plant as soon as possible after their occurrence. Existing literature on this problem has considered the case of fixed static observers, where the set of observable events is fixed and does not change during execution of the system. In this paper, we consider static observers where the set of observable events is not fixed, but needs to be optimized (e.g., minimized in size). We also consider dynamic observers, where the observer can “switch” sensors on or off, thus dynamically changing the set of events it wishes to observe. It is known that checking diagnosability (i.e., whether a given observer is capable of identifying faults) can be solved in polynomial time for static observers, and we show that the same is true for dynamic ones. On the other hand, minimizing the number of (static) observable events required to achieve diagnosability is NP-complete. We show that this is true also in the case of mask-based observation, where some events are observable but not distinguishable. For dynamic observers’ synthesis, we prove that a most permissive finite-state observer can be computed in doubly exponential time, using a game-theoretic approach. We further investigate optimization problems for dynamic observers and define a notion of cost of an observer. We show how to compute an optimal observer using results on mean-payoff games by Zwick and Paterson. Preliminary versions of parts of this paper appeared in [2] and [1]. Address for correspondence: CNRS/IRCCyN, 1 rue de la Noë, BP 92101, 44321 Nantes Cedex 3, France Work supported by the French Government under grant ANR-SETI-06-003. 498 F. Cassez and S. Tripakis / Fault Diagnosis with Static and Dynamic Observers